Photovoltaic technologies: development of advanced materials for new-generation solar cells and optoelectronics, particularly emerging dye-sensitized, perovskite, and organic photovoltaics (Pt-free counter electrodes, quasi-solid and solid-state electrolytes, interface engineering, printed and flexible next-generation solar cells and exploring back-contact architectures). Exploring light-harvesting nanomaterials, thin-film deposition techniques, and interfacial defect passivation to improve charge transport and energy conversion efficiency.